What Mobile Phone Do Consumers Prefer

What Mobile Phone Do Consumers Prefer Free Online Research Papers The purpose of the present study is to identify the association of age group regarding preference of a particular cellular service. In the era of globalization and information society, the fundamental role of telecommunication technologies cannot be underestimated. Pakistan’s mobile Industry is a dynamic and highly competitive market. Pakistan has the highest mobile penetration rate in the region. Cellular service subscribers are at 91.44 million growing @ 0.5%, and Cellular Mobile Density is 56.80 as of March 2009. As a result of unstable political situation and weakening macroeconomic indicators the growth in cellular segment has considerably slowed down. Thus, it is of growing concern to look at consumer buying decision process and shed light on the factors that finally determine consumer choices between different cellular services brands. For the purpose of our study five cellular service companies in Pakistan namely Mobilink, Ufone, Warid, Telenor, and Zong are selected. The findings provide that preference of a particular cellular service by a consumer is not independent of age group and it is concluded that there is some association exist i.e. preference of a particular cellular service by a consumer is dependent on age group. Literature Review: The last decade of the 20th century has been witness to remarkable technological developments in the area of wireless communication technologies. Telecommunication Industry has one of the most turbulent market environments today due to increased competition and change. Thus, it is of growing concern to look at consumer buying decision process and shed light on the factors that finally determine consumer choices between different cellular services brands. (Karjaluoto, H., Karvonen, J., Kesti M., Koivumki T., Manninen M., Pakola J., Ristola A., Salo J., 2005) argue that the choice of a mobile phone is a subjective choice situation, there are some general factors that seem to guide the choices. They also found that while technical problems are the basic reason to change mobile phone among students; price, brand, interface, and properties are the most influential factors affecting the actual choice between brands. (Ondrus, J. and Pigneur, Y., 2007) presents a study that unveils the technological and organizational preferences of various industries towards mobile payment developments in Switzerland. They argue that card based solutions are still preferred to mobile phone based solutions from an industry point of view. (Siau, K. and Shen, Z., 2003) examines issues in providing services via wireless technologies, i.e. mobile services. They discuss the challenges facing by mobile services, such as changes in business strategies, investment risk, limitations in mobile devices, networking problems, infrastructure constraints, security concerns, and user distrust in mobile applications. The authors also discuss the research issues, such as killer applications, usability, user interfaces, mobile access to databases, and agent technologies. (Leppaniemi, M. and Karjaluoto, H. 2005) presents the study which investigates the consumers willingness to accept mobile advertising. First, they study the factors that influence the acceptance of mobile advertising from both industrys and consumers point of view. Second, based on a review of previous studies in the field, the authors propose a conceptual model of consumers willingness to accept mobile advertising. Their findings provide several conceptual and managerial insights into the role of mobile advertising today and in the near future. Pakistan’s Experience with Telecommunication Industry: In the era of globalization and information society, the fundamental role of telecommunication technologies cannot be underestimated. Pakistan’s mobile Industry is a dynamic and highly competitive market. Cellular mobile telecommunication services – An Overview: Cellular mobile telecommunication services were introduced in Pakistan in 1990 and now Pakistan stands as one of the largest telecom subscriber with the cheapest calling rates in the region. Our Industry already has LL (Local Loop), WLL (Wireless Local Loop), LDI (Long distance and International), and ISP (Internet Service Provider) players and WiMax; 3G cellular systems are expected be a part of this Industry soon. Market Players: The major players of Pakistani Cellular mobile telecommunication service Industry are Mobilink by Orascom, Ufone by PTCL, Telenor from Norway, Warid by Abu Dhabi group and Zong by China Mobile. According to Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) Mobile subscribers are 91.44 million as on March 2009. Mobilink continues to lead the market with 28.24 million subscribers having (30.88%) market share, followed by Telenor with 19.98 million (21.86%), Ufone 19.61 million (21.45%), Warid 17.37 million (19%), Zong 5.98 million (6.54%) and Instaphone 0.25 million (0.27%). At present Mobilink has the largest coverage network across the nation, covering more than 10,000 locations. Telenor claims it is now acquiring more than 20,000 new subscribers every day, whereas Ufone claims to cover over 4536 key destinations. Current Scenario: (Rafiq, A., 2008) argues that a tough competition is expected as in the present scenario existing players are having a price war to attract existing and new users. Mostly the audience is subjected to deceptive advertisements and misleading offers which directly impacts consumer purchase decision. Objective: The aim of this study is to identify the association of age group regarding preference of a particular cellular service. We would like to investigate that whether the preference of users for a particular cellular service is dependent on different age group or not. Hypothesis: Ho: Preference of a particular cellular service is independent of age group. H1: Preference of a particular cellular service is not independent of age group. Methodology: For this research the Survey method is used. The data is collected through questionnaire technique in which responses from 200 respondents were collected through 19 questions which include general information as well as factors which motivates the people to prefer a particular cellular service. All the data was provided by the teacher to perform analysis as per the course requirement. Analysis: The analysis was performed by the using the software called SPSS and the variable and test used are mentioned below: Variables under study: Following are the variables which are used in the analysis. 1. Cellular service 2. Age group Both above-mentioned variables are categorical. Cellular service with 6 levels Age group with 2 levels Test Statistic: The Chi square test is used to test the hypothesis in this research. Chi-square is a statistical test which is commonly used to test the; Goodness of Fit Test Test of Attributes/ test of association/ test of independence The Chi – Square distribution is a positively skewed distribution therefore we use one tail critical region for the test. It is a positively skewed distribution lie between zero and upper value. Numerical and categorical variables are used and the critical region will always come in the right side. It is denoted by ?2 and its degree of freedom is n-1, where n = Number of categories Goodness of Fit Test: Chi-Square goodness of fit test is used when the distribution is non-normal and the sample size is less than 30, so the chi-square goodness of fit test determines whether the distribution follows uniform distribution or not. Test of Attributes / Association / Independence: It is used to measure the relationship between two attributes. In test of attributes we check the hypothesis that, is there any dependency exist amongst the attributes or not. For our research we are testing the association between cellular service and age group. Out Put: Summary: The N value 200 shows the total number of respondents or observations. 100% shows that all 200 respondents have responded and there is no missing value or observation. Summary: Cross tabulation is used to examine the variation in the categorical data, it is a cross measuring analysis. Above we are cross examine the Different age groups and Cellular Service used by the consumers. We take Cellular Service used in the column and Different age groups of the consumers in row, and we have totaled 200 observations. From the above-mentioned Cross tabulation table we can see that; The most number of people in the sample of 200 respondents are using Mobilink cellular service. Out of total two hundred respondents 90 are using Mobilink. Of which 38 users are in the age group of between 18 to 24 while 52 users are in the age group of between 25 to 30. Similarly if we analyze the Telenor and Ufone cellular services we can see that although Ufone cellular service users in total = 50 which are more then Telenor cellular service users in total = 38. But Telenor is more successful in capturing the consumers having age group between 18 to 24 with 28 users while Ufone has keep up with only 24 users. The results also show that Warid has a very low consumer base with overall users are only 22 with 10 users are in age group between 18 to 24 while 12 users are in the age group between 25 to 30. Analysis: The above table gives the test results for the chi-square test for independence or association. The first row labeled Pearson Chi-Square shows that the value of ?2 is 10.966 with 3 degree of freedom. The two-tailed p-value is shown as 0.012, which is less than 0.05, so we can reject our null hypothesis which means that the attributes are not independent and there is some dependency exists between attributes and concludes that the preference of a particular cellular service is not independent of age group. Conclusion: The test results are statistically significant at 5% level of significance and the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the preference of a particular cellular service is not independent of age group, and we are almost 100% confident on our decision and the rejection of the null hypothesis. Recommendation: From the above-mentioned Pie Chart it is evident that Mobilink cellular service has the largest market share and is most preferred by consumers or cellular service users of both age groups (i.e. between 18 to 24 and between 25 to 30) (see Table-2). The results of our analysis also show that preference of a particular cellular service by a consumer is not independent of age group which means that there is some association exist i.e. preference of a particular cellular service by a consumer is dependent on age group. In this respect we recommend that Cellular Service companies like Mobilink (market leader) and Ufone, Telenor and Warid (followers) should understand and closely monitor the changing attitudes of different age groups and formulate their marketing strategies accordingly. Reference: Karjaluoto, H., Karvonen, J., Kesti M., Koivumki T., Manninen M., Pakola J., Ristola A., Salo J., (2005) â€Å"Factors Affecting Consumer Choice of Mobile Phones: Two Studies from Finland†, Journal of Euro marketing, Vol. 14(3), The Haworth Press, Inc. Ondrus J. and Pigneur Y., (2007) â€Å"Cross industry Preferences for Mobile Payments Development in Switzerland†, Electronic Markets The International Journal, Vol.17, No.2. Siau, K. and Shen, Z., (2003) â€Å"Mobile communications and mobile services†, International Journal of Mobile Communications, Volume 1, Number 3. Leppaniemi, M. and Karjaluoto, H. (2005) â€Å"Factors influencing consumers willingness to accept mobile advertising: a conceptual model†, International Journal of Mobile Communications, Volume 3, Number 3, p. 197-213 Rafiq, A. (2008) â€Å"The telecommunication industry Growth prospects†, Pakistan Research Telecom Sector update, Khojas Capital Management (Pvt.) Ltd Mobile Cellular Services: at pta.gov.pk retrieved on: [Tuesday, May 12, 2009] Research Papers on What Mobile Phone Do Consumers PreferBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of IndiaOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesDefinition of Export Quotas

Assignment1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Assignment1 - Essay Example Rarely do authors and instructors address the social perceptions of women in leadership roles; the general feeling is that there simply isn’t a problem to be addressed. Just follow the instructions (be assertive, state your mind, take the lead, expect people to follow you, search for common ground among disagreeing parties, etc.) and anyone, man or woman, can become a leader. Unfortunately, following the instructions in the real world brings women right up against gender bias. It is indeed difficult to determine the extent of the problem, or even if there is a problem. Rhode puts it succinctly, â€Å"Gender inequalities in leadership are pervasive; perceptions of inequality are not† (6). When looked at from the outside, especially with feminist eyes, gender bias is obvious and evidence-based. From the inside, for women and men doing their jobs, a snide comment can be overlooked, or the justification for being passed over for a promotion sounds reasonable, or raising the kids really is more important than the corner office. There are several root causes for overt or covert gender bias. Stereotyping plays a significant role. Lack of mentoring and support from female leaders stymies a woman seeking a more prominent position, because if she imitates a male mentor, she might be stereotyped as being aggressive. Workplace structures, entrenched for centuries, still encourage women to make their place in the home and family a top priority. Unequal opportunities lead to more unequal opportunities. A dichotomy emerges during the balancing act between the idea that gender should not matter when it comes time for promotions, and the fact that â€Å"gender differences do make some difference, and they need to be registered in leadership positions† (18). It shouldn’t matter when it shouldn’t matter, but it should when it should. During her

Firms Making Competitive Moves Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Firms Making Competitive Moves - Assignment Example This study stresses that among the advantages of being a first mover, is especially when making the exceptional initial moves in a particular market that allow a specific firm to come up with a dominant position that other businesses strain to overcome. A sufficient example of this is the Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) that established a very strong bond with the officials of China in leading the Western Fast Foods, as they were the initial western restaurant that entered China first. Currently, they are still the leading firm in the rapidly growing market. Among the disadvantages, a first mover cannot be so certain about the likelihood of the customers in embracing the offerings that make the initial moves inherently risky.This paper declares that  a time a rival or even a competitor introduces a disruptive innovation that in most cases conflict the existing competitive practices for instance the emergence of online trading where the executives make informed choices from three main responses. First, they might think that the innovation could effectively replace the established offerings therefore choice on focus particularly on the traditional methods of business. Second, a firm could choose to overcome the challenge by attacking different dimension and perspective. Finally, simply a firm may decide to match the competitors’ direction of the move.  A Blue Ocean Strategy entails the creation of a new and untapped market instead of competition with rivals in an existing market.

The 1941 Attack On Pearl Harbor History Essay

The 1941 Attack On Pearl Harbor History Essay On 7 December 1941, the Empire of Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. From that point on, fear spread around the United States about how the Japanese were going to bomb the continental United States. Two months later, on 19 February 1942, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. This was the response from the United States government to the attack on Pearl Harbor. The order allowed for the internment of Japanese Americans in various camps located throughout the United States. The purpose of this essay is to answer the question, To what extent was the Internment of the Japanese Americans during the Pacific War caused by the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor? through the analysis of the two events. Another aim of this essay is to discuss the reliability of sources, and how historians should use them. The essay starts by examining the events that led up to the attack on Pearl Harbor. Then, it will lead into the attack on Pearl Harbor itself. From there, the essay will examine the internment of the Japanese Americans in 1942. Once the two events have been established, a link will be presented to find cause and effect, while discussing the reliability of sources. In conclusion, the aim on this investigation is to show that the internment of the Japanese Americans during the Pacific War was directly correlated with the attack on Pearl harbor in 1941. Historians must be able to find truths within different events to create a narrative for the common people to learn from. In order to do that they must find truths from their research. Introduction History is the study of events that have already passed through the flow of time  [1]  . Historians interpret events and then process them into a narrative that tells causes and effects  [2]  . History cannot be seen as a whole, because there is so much information to sort through. Therefore, a historian must pick and choose what to view at in order to better understand history. The Pacific War was, in general, triggered by two events. It was the invasion of British Malaya, and the attack on Pearl Harbor; both by the Empire of Japan in 1941. Officially the war was fought between the Allies of World War II, and the Empire of Japan. The war ended with the 1945 dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima, and Nagasaki. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was an ambush set up by the Japanese against the United States Navy in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The attack on Pearl Harbor was a major blow to the United States militaristically, and politically. The event showed the world that the United States could be caught off guard, and it made America look weak to the international community  [3]  . Soon after, on 19 February 1942, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066  [4]  . This order moved Japanese Americans from the west coast of the United States to internment camps called War Relocation Camps, which was discrimination against a race, but the government allowed it  [5]  . In Part I, this essay will examine the events that led up to the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the Attack on Pearl Harbor itself. In Part II, this essay will examine the internment of Japanese Americans. Finally, Part III will discuss the link between the two events, and the reliability of sources. With this information, this essay will attempt to answer the question To what extent was the Internment of the Japanese Americans during the Pacific War caused by the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor? Part I: The Lead Up Into the Attack The United States has always entered into the World Wars late; World War II was no exception of that tradition. One of the main things that led to the attack was that tensions between the United States and the Empire of Japan were increasing. The Empire of Japan wanted to unify Asia under one flag, the flag of Japan  [6]  . Emperor Hirohito was a very militaristic type of person, he wanted to imperialize as much of Asia as possible. Japan joined the Triple Alliance with Italy and Germany on 27 September 1940. With that, the United States responded by placing an embargo against the Empire of Japan  [7]  . This was one of the main reasons that the Empire of Japan attacked the United States, because the United States was one of the main suppliers of steel, and oil to the Empire of Japan. With the Embargo placed the Japanese were left crippled. The only the Emperor could imperialize the south eastern islands was to get rid of the United States Navy which was stationed at Hawaii  [8]  . Negotiations between the United States and the Empire of Japan were mild leading up to the attack on Pearl Harbor. Admiral Kichisaburo Nomura  [9]  and Saburo Kurusu  [10]  held many long talks with the United States Sate department about Japan invading Vietnam. A part of the Japanese plan to attack Pearl Harbor was to break off negotiations between the Japanese embassy and the United States government 30 minutes before the actual attack. However the plan was not very effective since the United States government intercepted a Japanese communication that told the embassy to break negotiations  [11]  . When President Roosevelt received the decoded information he sent out alerts to all military bases. However due to technological difficulties the Pearl Harbor base was not warned in time. This was one of the reasons why the United States was caught off guard. Another reason would be that the United States did not know when or where the Empire of Japan would attack  [12]   . Part I: The Attack on Pearl Harbor The attack started at 6:00am 7 December 1941. The United States soldiers were caught by surprise because it was early in the morning and the base was low on staff. The planes of the Empire of Japan kept bombing the United States Navy for many hours without stop, until the Navy was crippled  [13]  . The response from the United States Navy was rather slow, because they thought it was a drill until they saw the red circles on the planes. Eventually the United States Navy was able to fight back, but their attempts were futile  [14]  . By the end of the attack 2,403 Americans died, including 68 civilians and 1178 service men wounded. In addition, 21 ships of the United States Pacific Fleet were sunk or heavily damaged, and more than 180 aircrafts were destroyed  [15]  . This shows just how badly the United States was humiliated by the Empire of Japan, and one of the reasons why Roosevelt would order the internment of Japanese Americans later on. The very next day, President Roosevelt delivers a speech to congress that will be known as the Day of Infamy speech. Japan has therefore, undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area. The facts of yesterday speak for themselvesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [16]  As a result of this speech, Congress declares war on the Empire of Japan with an 82-0 vote from the Senate, and a 388-1 vote from the House of Representatives  [17]  .This action is reflects what the American people were feeling at that time, and the extent of their embarrassment. Secretary Knox then tries to rally the public in an attempt to encourage belief in the United States government in order for more support  [18]  . Since Americans now supported the war, and the government had declared war, it gave Roosevelt enough power to issue an order to intern the Japanese Americans. The American public had also turned on Japanese Americans because of the attack on Pearl Harbor. The American public thought that all of the people of Japanese decent were spies for the Empire of Japan  [19]  . The United States needed to think about what their next step was, and they needed to answer the question of what do they do with the Japanese Americans that are already living in the United States? There were many options of what they could have done, for example they could have deported the Japanese Americans  [20]   Part II: Japanese Internment After the attack on Pearl Harbor, some Americans suspected that the Japanese were going to come back and launch a full scale assault on the Pacific coast of the United States. The continual conquests all over East Asian in the past few years made Japan seem almost unstoppable  [21]  . Both civilians and the military had some doubt about where the loyalties of the Japanese Americans currently living in the United States, however it is more likely that this concern came from racial prejudice rather than actual evidence of espionage  [22]  . On 2 January 1942, the Joint Committee of the California Legislature sent a manifesto to the newspapers in California that attacked Japanese Americans. This manifesto argued that all people of Japanese decent were loyal only to the Emperor of Japan, and that Japanese schools in the United States were places where they taught that being Japanese was superior to being American  [23]  . Eventually, Roosevelt crumbled under the pressure of the military, and the people that Japanese Americans were dangerous to the nation. So, on 12 February 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066  [24]  . Executive Order 9066 made it so that authorized military officers were allowed to designate special zones for which people are to be excluded. from which any or all persons may be excluded, and with respect to which, the right of any person to enter, remain in, or leave shall be subject to whatever restrictions the Secretary of War or the appropriate Military Commander may impose in his discretion,.  [25]  This shows that Roosevelt didnt want anything to do with the internment, because he passed off the responsibility to the Secretary of Defense. Around 120,000 Japanese Americans were held in internment camps until the end of the war. Of those 62% were second generation Japanese Americans or third generation Japanese Americans with American citizenships  [26]  . Eleven days after the order was signed by President Roosevelt, 800 hundred Japanese Americans were arrested in California, and put into internment camps  [27]  . In California, the local population was very supportive of the notion of interning the Japanese Americans. They wanted the control of aliens delegated to the Army and Navy  [28]  .California was very strict about the liberties of Japanese Americans, because they were very afraid of a full scale attack on the United States  [29]  . On 18 December 1944, The Supreme Court of the United States defined the legality of Executive Order 9066 with two cases. The first was Korematsu v. United States; where Fred Korematsu  [30]  sued the government on the legality of interning Japanese American Citizens. The decision for that case was that fighting espionage was more important than the rights of Japanese Americans  [31]  . However, there was a ruling made by the Supreme court on the same day called Ex parte Endo  [32]  . Although, on 2 January 1944 The Supreme Court abolished Executive Order 9066 and the Japanese Americans were released from their internment camps. As a result most of the Japanese Americans returned back to their lives in the United States, although some Japanese Americans went back to Japan  [33]  . The fact that the United States government released the Japanese Americans before the Pacific War shows that the United States was confident at this point in time during the war  [34]  . Part III: The Link To bring together these two events a historian must look through all that has happened and decide how it must fit in with the rest of history. The historian must find a way to fit the events into a narrative for people to make sense of. History is one long narrative of events told by people, about the lives of other people, which indicate that there is always an undertone of persuasiveness in history  [35]  . To relate how the attack on Pearl Harbor impacted the President of the United States to sign Executive Order 9066, a historian must take the known facts and draw connections between the two events. From the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt gave his Day of Infamy speech to Congress, which persuaded them to declare war against the Empire of Japan. In doing so, President Roosevelt labeled the entire Japanese race as an evil entity  [36]  . In doing so, the general public in the United States then felt as if they were in danger whenever they were around a Japanese American, which then led to discrimination, and prejudice  [37]  . With the state the general public was in, President Roosevelt started receiving notices about how he should deal with the Japanese Americans in the United States. He was pressured so much that he was eventually forced to sign Executive Order 9066 in order to maintain his popularity with the American Citizens  [38]  . The public at this time was very afraid of terrorism, espionage, and sabotage from the Empire of Japan, because of the damage they caused in the attack on Pearl Harbor. With so much compelling evidence, it can be quite clear that there was a connection between the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the decision to enact Executive Order 9066. To show to what extent these two events are connected, a historian would argue that if the Empire of Japan did not bomb Pearl Harbor, there would not have been a great of a fear against the Japanese. Therefore, there would have been less prejudice against Japanese Americans in the United States, and the United States might not have joined World War II. This can be shown by the congressional address that President Roosevelt gave the day after Pearl Harbor, I ask that Congress declareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ war has existed between the United States and the Empire of Japan  [39]  . With that in mind it is very clear that the attack on Pearl Harbor had a major impact in the decision to place Japanese Americans into internment camps for three years, during the Pacific War. Part III: Analysis There are many problems with history; one would be the individual bias of the historian who is recording a certain part of history. How historians record history is to pick and choose information, and decide what they themselves think is true and what is not true. With this in mind, one usually would ask the question: how reliable are the sources available?  [40]   The article published by the New York Times on 15 February 1942, Knox Statement on Hawaii, only shows what Secretary Knox had to say about the attack on Pearl Harbor. It was written by someone else other than Knox, and therefore already has an individual bias. However, bias is not a bad thing necessarily, because a historian who knows that a document is bias can make inferences on what the author was thinking or feeling at the time. So, for this actual document, it portrays the perception of what the east coast of the United States about the attack on Pearl Harbor. However, the east coast is not the place of great fear at this time, because it is far away from the Empire of Japan. Therefore, the readers could not experience the same fear or danger as the people in the west coast of the United States. The limits of this source would be that it only portrays what secretary Knox want the public to view him, and how he wants the public to view the situation instead of the public perception itself. Another limit would be that since it is a newspaper article, the reader would not know Knoxs true feelings on the subject; because of the image he wants of himself for the public to see is what is shown on the article. Another source that should be assessed for reliability is the biography of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, No Ordinary Time, by Doris Kearns Goodwin. President Roosevelt did not write a memoir for his presidential years, so it is very hard to find out what his actual feelings were about the predicaments he faced as President of the United States. However, this biography still is useful, because it shows the historian how he responded to certain situations. It provides the reader the image of what the author thought President Roosevelt was like. Although the bias is shifted towards the authors perception of President Roosevelt, a historian can still make use of the information presented in the biography, because it is a reflection of what President Roosevelt has done during his presidential years. It should also be noted that Goodwin is a very experienced presidential historian, and has done other biographies of other presidents besides Franklin Roosevelt, such as Lyndon B. Johns on, and John F. Kennedy. The limits of this source would be that it was not written by President Roosevelt, so the reader would not know what he was actually thinking or how he felt about a certain subject. Also, the biography only shows what the president did and his life; it does not discuss in great depth the lives of the Japanese Americans in the internment camps, or the lives of the soldiers involved with the attack on Pearl Harbor. Another important limit to discuss would be that it only shows one side of the Pacific War, the American side. In the biography the view points of the Empire of Japan are never discussed. This means that the reader would never know the views of the Japanese. Conclusion It appears that the answer to the question To what extent was the Internment of the Japanese Americans during the Pacific War caused by the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor? is greatly. The evidence that exists out in the world shows that the Empire of Japan was the one who decided to take action first, and draw the United States into World War II. When the Empire of Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941, the citizens of the United States were genuinely afraid of the Japanese. This in turn led to paranoia throughout the United States, which led to Executive Order 9066. Historians are able to draw the connections between these two events, because of how much they have in common with each other. The truth is that history is never absolute. There can never be an absolute truth, because there is always more than one way to analyze an event. When linking to events together, and arguing that one was the cause of the other is a major analytical jump. There will always be the argument about how they are not linked at all. The only way history could be absolute is that all of the historians come to a consensus about how a certain document is to be analyzed, because once that happens they are all picking and choosing the same pieces of information  [41]  . In the end, historians must settle on something, even though it may be temporary. They will continue to research and debate whether something is true or not. Although historians exist to question the past and make conjectures about why events happened the way they did, it may not be correct, because of the reliability of the documents they are basing their conjectures off of  [42]  . It is impractical to say whether President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, because of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. What is known is that both of these events did happen, and that history is not always reliable.

Analysis of The Goal by Eliyahu Goldratt :: The Goal Business Management Essays

Analysis of The Goal by Eliyahu Goldratt The Goal is a book that focuses on the theory of constraints in order to improve production. Eliyahu Goldratt brings us a pleasant story that shows the important strategies that any manager or CEO should follow to be successfully productive, and capable of reaching their goals. The book easily explains and demonstrates many attainable ways for any human being to learn how to manage their industrial relations, business processes, and also, their personal lives. Many people believe that in order to succeed in a business that is having difficulties, it is important to focus on a particular area in order to be better productive in each of them, and be able to reach the goal. Instead, Goldratt and Jonah demonstrates that is important to focus on the company as a whole, but at the same time, it shows that it is incorrectly to only focus in an specific manufacturing department, or one plant, or a department within the plant, because people should not be concerned in local optimums. The Goal is a book that has an immense support on improvement, which will undoubtedly encourage the Total Quality Management terminology when trying to built up and improve their productivity. However, the Theory of Constraints also plays a very important role in this book, because it guide us to not only focus on the improvements of the business as a whole, but also to focus intensively on the constrains, â€Å" Herbies†, or bottlenecks. In order for a company to push its improvement and create a balanced plant, it is necessary to increase the throughput, while reducing inventory an operating expense. But, what is most important is to identify the bottlenecks to be able to focus on them. After focusing and solving the constraints, everything else is going to be less powerful but important at the same time. Any company is unable to manufacture a 100%. Therefore, people should really focus on the constraints, in a way that it will prevent a failure that will damage the entire system. Bottlenecks are the key in every plant, because it will determine the activity that will create a profit and maximize the business output.

Climate Change and Food Security

Changing Agricultural Practices: Shift of Agricultural Crops Subject to Market or Climate Change- A Study of Meghnath Gorahanna and Aurahi VDC in Mahottari District Climate Change and Food Security Introduction Nepal is an agro-dominated of course rich state. From physiographic facet, Nepal is divided into three distinguishable ecological zones- the Mountain, Hills and Tarai. Each part has its ain biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural differences. Agribusiness is the common business of bulk of population in the state. Almost to a big bulk of 65 per centum of Nepali population are dependent on agribusiness for their supports ( GoN, 2012 ) . The lowland Tarai, is the nutrient basket of Nepal. It is the exclusive part in agricultural excess, providing nutrient grains to the less productive hill and mountain countries. More than 70 per centum of families in Nepal have less than 1 hectare of land and many depend on agricultural lands that are excessively little to run into their subsistence demands ( GoN, 2011 ) . Although agricultural retentions per family are the smallest in the state, this sector dominates the economic system supplying about 35 per centum of the GDP ( CIA, 2011 ) . At present, Climate Change is a large challenge to the planetary environment and the economic system. Nepal has besides identified clime alteration as a cut acrossing issue by virtuousness of its nature and impacts. Despite nominal nursery gas emanation of about 0.025 per centum ( GoN, 2010 ) , Nepal is listed as a state at utmost hazard to the impacts of clime alteration ( CCVI, 2014 ) .According to the regional appraisal of International Panel of Climate Change the most profound impacts of clime alteration in Nepal will be in the sectors of agribusiness / nutrient security, H2O resources and biodiversity. The heavy trust on rain Federal agriculture, limited irrigation installations, and deficiency of H2O preservation and harvest home patterns makes Nepali agribusiness vulnerable to the impacts of clime alteration. The high dependance of husbandmans on monsoon have increased their exposure to rainfall fluctuation. Furthermore, the variableness in temperature have besides challenged the agriculture patterns. At many topographic points the fickle rainfall has resulted into diminution in harvest production. The state of affairs of deficient rain and increasing temperature have accounted for drouth, whereas the happening of intense rain in short period have reduced the land H2O recharge by speed uping overflow and triping inundations. These fortunes have induced negative effects in the agribusiness impacting harvest production and endangering nutrient security. Market whether physical or practical is a topographic point where the dealing of goods and services is carried out. Market is governed by demand and supply state of affairs and determines monetary value of goods and services. In instance of unfastened market topographic point, market is a large initiation factor for merchandises, it determines the monetary value and creates the win-win state of affairs of the purchaser and marketer. Tarai is the part of Nepal with the unfastened boundary lines with India and it implies that the market for the merchandises get wide-opened if proved competitory. Evidence from other parts of Africa shows that procedures of agricultural intensification and productiveness growing are frequently driven by hard currency harvests having the development of interlocked recognition, input, and end product markets ( von Braun and Kennedy 1994 ; Dorward, Kydd, and Poulton 1998 ; Shepard 1999 ) . Owing to the higher return from hard currency harvests husbandmans t hese yearss are more inclined towards hard currency harvest agriculture. At many instances, the local strains of harvest have been replaced by the improved or intercrossed 1s. These intercrossed harvests have higher outputs but at the same clip, they incur immense cost on environment and human wellness. Hybrid harvests fuel the usage of fertilisers and pesticides which causes dirt debasement and increases agricultural disbursals every bit good. Using analytical penetrations from the New Institutional Economics literature, Dorward, Kydd, and Poulton ( 1998 ) have shown that export-oriented hard currency harvests may function to excite smallholder harvest productiveness and income growing, provided that omnipresent recognition market failures can be overcome through institutional inventions in farmer/marketing agent relationships. The intent of this research is to place the factor which is responsible for the alteration in agricultural patterns in the tarai part. This survey aims to analyze the instance of cultivation displacement from staple harvest to hard currency harvest is whether due to climate alteration or market forces. Rationale of the Study Nepal is home to preponderantly rural population. Agribusiness is the pillar of Nepalese economic system which non merely employs two-third of the country’s labour force but besides contributes over tierce in the national GDP. The alteration in agricultural pattern can be due impacts of either clime alteration or market forces. Associating with climate alteration issues, the addition in temperature is likely to do more harm on agricultural sectors in Tarai part compared to the hills and mountains. Tarai part lying at low countries are susceptible to downpours. Monsoon rains, snow thaw, and glacial thaw run downstream from upland parts doing the Tarai the most ataˆ?risk country for deluging. Besides this, the happening of brassy inundations in the fields have besides caused siltation of farm lands and decreased its birthrate. The heavy H2O tabular array and the depletion of groundwater is the another critical job witnessed in Tarai these yearss. This state of affairs has af fected the twelvemonth unit of ammunition irrigation. Owing to fickle monsoon and deficiency of irrigation, rice organ transplant is delayed and therefore the production has decreased. There are besides groundss of switching agricultural form. Thus the impact of clime alteration in tarai can endanger the nutrient security of the full state. There is a famine of literature on the factor- based harvest displacements in assorted parts of the universe. In instance of Nepal excessively this sector of research has been out of involvement. Therefore, to carry through the spread that has of course been built between the topographical disparities based on the harvest displacement will be what the range and principle of this research will warrant. Study Area The survey country will be chiefly based in the Mahottari territory of Nepal which is one of the premier territories among the six territories of Janakpur zone. Though the territory is a premier manufacturer for harvests, it suffers from drouth and it is besides shattered by the inundation during showery seasons. This territory covers 0.68 % of the entire country of Nepal and the population in the territory is about 2.39 % of the entire population of the state ( Mahottari District Profile, CBS 2065 B.S. ) . Though the territory has chances like fertile cultivable land, entree to electricity, forest, rivers and unfastened boundary line to India, the territory has non been able to come on which besides supports the â€Å"Resource Curse Hypothesis† . As sample for the survey, two VDCs of the territory viz. Meghnath Gorahanna and Aurahi will be purposively selected. The VDC Meghnath Gorahanna is located on the cardinal Tarai part of Nepal whereas Aurahi VDC is really nigh to the main road traveling south from the territory. The entire population of the Meghnath Gorahanna VDC is 6077 in 1048 families, with 3135 female and 2942 as male population. And, the entire population of the Aurahi VDC is 8575 in 1638 families, with 4225 male and 4350 as female population. In footings of exposure ranking of the National Adaptation Plan of Action ( NAPA ) of Nepal, Mahottari falls in high vulnerable territory in the exposure index to climate alteration. The intent for choosing these two wards is that in both of these wards husbandmans have shifted the cultivation from cereal harvests to hard currency harvests. Aims of the Research: The overall aim of the survey is to place whether the cultivation displacement from staple harvests to hard currency harvests is climate induced or market driven. To accomplish the above mentioned general aim, the following specific aims will be fulfilled.To place the challenges in the agriculture patterns originating out of clime alteration induced environmental debasement in Meghnath Gorahanna and Aurahi VDCs of Mahottari territory.To transport out cost-benefit analysis of the basic harvests versus hard currency harvests in Meghnath Gorahanna and Aurahi VDCs.To measure the production form of the harvests in the several wards and its impact on the nutrient security position of the part.To warrant the above aims, the undermentioned hypotheses will be used:The cultivation displacement from staple harvest to hard currency harvest is climate induced.The cultivation displacement from staple harvest to hard currency harvest is market driven.Research QuestionsWhat is people’s apprehension of environmental debasement due to climate alteration?What are the challenges in the agriculture patterns originating from clime alteration in the VDCs?What is the production form of the harvests and the value generated by them in the several wards?What is the province of the cost-benefit analysis of the basic and hard currency harvests produced in the several wards?What is the position of nutrient handiness, nutrient use, nutrient handiness and nutrient stableness in the survey country?Methodology The Research Design As clime alteration impacts have multiple dimensions, research on understanding these dimensions requires a methodological analysis uniting the macro and micro range of question, primary and secondary informations, qualitative and quantitative methods and a cross-disciplinary attack. To acquire the holistic image and in-depth apprehension of the research issues and concerns, assorted method attack will be applied for research survey, where triangulation of quantitative and qualitative informations will besides be used for this survey. Primary Data Collection: The primary nature of the research design of the proposed survey is explorative and descriptive. Quantitative and qualitative primary informations from multi-stakeholders in two different VDCs will be collected utilizing study, in-depth interviews, focused group treatment and PRA techniques such as societal function and transect walk ( for physical confirmation ) . To forestall any biasness in the research, approximately 10 % of the entire population, 100 people will be considered as the sample including both VDCs. Besides that, to keep the quality of research, after the questionnaire studies, Key Informants’ Interview will be carried out with School schoolmasters and Agriculture Officer of the part. If necessary, Water tabular array analysis utilizing GIS tools and techniques will besides be carried in order to find the depletion of land H2O. Secondary Data Collection: Temperature and Precipitation informations of Mahottari territory obtained from Department of Hydrology and Meteorology ( DHM ) will be used to find the tendency analysis. District and small town profiles will be referred from Central Bureau of Statistics as per the demand. Datas Analysis: Both qualitative and quantitative analysis tools and techniques will be used for the information analysis. The cryptography and decryption of informations will be done as per the demand. MS- Word. MS- Excel will be used for the written and graphical presentation of the information. Statistical Package for Social Scientists ( SPSS 20.0 ) will be used for the correlativity analysis, arrested development analysis and histogram analysis as per the research demand. RestrictionsLack of temperature and precipitation informations of the specific wards.This research will be carried out in specific wards of Meghnath Gorahanna VDC and Aurahi VDC of Mahottari territory, therefore the research end products can non be generalized.This research will be a sample based research within a limited timeframe, so the research end product might hold diverting consequences for a portion of population.Expected end productsThe research will lend to the concluding study to be developed by Women in Environment ( WE ) on the undertaking Populating with Climate Change: Function Experiences and Adaptation Strategies in the Global South and North ( LCC )This research study will be the foundation papers for the policy preparation sing the factor based cultivation displacement in the tarai part of Nepal.Mentions Climate Change Vulnerability Index ( CCVI ) , ( 2014 ) , Maple croft’s Climate Change and Environmental Risk Atlas, Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //maplecroft.com/themes/cc/ ( accessed 04/04/2014 ) . CIA ( Central Intelligence Agency ) . 2011. The World Fact book. Dorward. A ; J. Kydd and C. Poulton.eds, ( 1998 ) , â€Å"Smallholder Cash Crop Production Under Market Liberalization.† Oxon ; New York, NY: CAB International c1998. Government of Nepal ( GoN ) , ( 2010 ) , â€Å"National Adaptation Programme of Action ( NAPA ) to Climate Change, Ministry of Environment, Kathmandu. Government of Nepal ( GoN ) , ( 2012 ) , â€Å"Economic Survey 2011/12† , Ministry of Finance, Kathmandu. Government of Nepal ( GoN ) , ( 2011 ) , â€Å"Nepal Living Standard Survey ( NLSS ) 2011† , Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu. Hem R. Regmi. â€Å"Effect of Unusual Weather on Cereal Crop Production and Household Food Security† ,The Journal of Agriculture and Environment. ( 2007 ) : 24. Von Braun and E. Kennedy ( explosive detection systems ) , ( 1994 ) ,Agricultural Commercialization, Economic Development, and Nutrition, The Johns Hopkins Press Ltd. Maryland, 1994.

The Value and Consequences of Women as Property - 876 Words

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